Unit 2 Vocabulary
average
an alternative word for mean
balancing point
the point on a number line where the data distribution is balanced
bell-shaped
the bell shape that is created on a graph of a normal distribution
bias
the act of favoring one outcome over another
boxplot
A special type of diagram showing Quartiles 1, 2 and 3 (where the data can be split into quarters) in a box, with lines extending to the lowest and highest values
chance
the possibility that something will happen
compound probabilities
AND/OR probabilities; the likeliness of two independent events occurring
deviation
the act of departing from an established course or accepted standard
Empirical Rule
in a normal data set, virtually every piece of data will fall within three standard deviations of the mean
event
a set of possible outcomes resulting from a particular experiment
first quartile (Q1)
a number for which 25% of the data is less than that number
five-number summary
a set of numbers that provides information about a dataset; consist of minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum
independence
if one event doesn't affect the outcome of another event
interquartile range (IQR)
the range from Quartile 1 to Quartile 3
maximum
the largest value
mean
a calculated "central" value of a set of numbers, where you add the numbers and divide by how many there are
mean of absolute deviations (MAD)
the average distance between each data value and the mean
measures of central tendency (or center)
a central or typical value for a probability distribution
measures of variability (or spread)
how far away the data points tend to fall from the center
median
the middle value in a group of ordered observations
merge
to come together or combine
minimum
the smallest value
model
a way of representing real world situations so that predictions can be made
normal curve
curve or the graph is the common type of distribution for a variable
normal distribution
an arrangement of a data set in which most values cluster in the middle of the range
percentage
parts per 100; for each hundred; a fraction whose denominator (bottom) is 100
probability
how likely it is that some event will occur
proportion
when two ratios (or fractions) are equal
quantiles
a term that can be used in place of percentiles because they represent a quantity of data that is lower than that value
quartiles
the values that divide a list of numbers into quarters
randomness
happening by chance; not able to be predicted
range
the largest value minus the smallest value
rebuttal
an opposing argument or debate
representation
the form in which data is stored, processed, and transmitted
sample proportion
the fraction of samples which were successes
shuffle
rearrange so as to occupy different random positions or to be in a different random order
simulation
a way of creating random events that are close to real-life situations without actually doing them
standard deviation (SD)
a measure of how spread out numbers are; the square root of the variance
standardized score
another name for z-score
subset
a set of which all the variables are contained in another set.
third quartile (Q3)
a number for which 75% of the data is less than that number
typical
“mean” or “average”; expected values
with replacement
when a population element can be selected more than one time
without replacement
when a population element can be selected only one time
z-score
tells us how many standard deviations away from the mean an observation is